Introduction to Ecology

Population, community and ecosystem

Ecology is the study of how living things interact with each other and their environment. This includes living things (biotic factors) and non-living things (abiotic factors).

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An ecosystem contains living and non living things. The ecosystem has many examples of the interaction between the living and non living.
The living things in an ecosystem are called biotic factors. Living things include plants, animals, bacteria, fungi and more.
The non living parts of an ecosystem are called abiotic factors. In an ecosystem some abiotic factors are sunlight, temperature atmospheric gases water and soil.
One example of the interaction between abiotic and biotic factors is with plants. The plants use sunlight, water, and CO2 to make food. Without these abiotic factors plants would not be able to grow.
Another example is the interaction between turtles and soil. Some turtles are known to bury themselves in soil. When the temperature becomes too hot turtles seek protection in the cool underground.
Elephants and water interact as well. In order to stay hydrated elephants drink water. In fact all biotic factors need water to survive.
Fish and temperature also show the interaction between living and nonliving. A fish's' body temperature matches it surroundings. warm tropical waters keep a tropical fish's body operating at an optional temperature.
Another example is a fox and snow. When the temperature drops and snow starts to fall some foxes grow a white fur coat. The thick coat insulates and keeps the fox warm. Also the color matches it surroundings, an adaptation known as camouflage.
Lastly Bacteria and soil interact. Bacteria are decomposers. Decomposers get energy by recycling dead organisms back into the ground. Nutrients enter the soil helping making the ground fertile.
Take a look out of your window and try to identify interactions between abiotic and biotic factors

You may have heard the word niche before, but what does it mean when we talk about an organism's niche. Learn in this video from the Adapting and Living Together chapter within the Ecology and Environment topic school level Biology.

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Hank introduces us to ecology - the study of the rules of engagement for all of us earthlings - which seeks to explain why the world looks and acts the way it does. The world is crammed with things, both animate and not, that have been interacting with each other all the time, every day, since life on this planet began, and these interactions depend mostly on just two things... Learn what they are as Crash Course Biology takes its final voyage outside the body and into the entire world.

Stay tuned in the coming weeks for a new Crash Course in ECOLOGY!

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Table of Contents
1) Ecological Hierarchy 02:01:2
a) Population 02:12
b) Community 02:26:1
c) Ecosystem 02:50
d) Biome 03:22:1
e) Biosphere 03:51

2) Key Ecological Factors 04:07
a) Temperature 05:06:1
b) Water 05:37

3) Biome Type 06:03:1

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crash course, biology, ecology, hank green, science, organism, interaction, molecule, environment, hierarchy, Earth, ecological, population, community, predation, cooperation, competition, ecosystem, soil, water, air, temperature, energy, materials, physical environment, biome, technique, adaptation, condition, evolution, biosphere, biotic, abiotic, predator, animal, plant, food, shelter, moisture, sunlight, elevation, category, chemistry, enzyme, photosynthesis, physiognomy, biodiversity, tropical rainforest, tundra, desert, grassland, taiga, human impact Support CrashCourse on Subbable:

007 - Ecosystem Ecology

In this video Paul Andersen explains how ecosystems function. He begins with a description of how life on the planet is ordered from large to small in biomes, ecosystems, communities, population, and individuals. He describes the major terrestrial and aquatic biomes on the planet. He then describes interactions at the ecosystem level with food food webs. He also explains the importance of niche, keystone species, and the edge effect.

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Daderot. Kelp Forest Tank, Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey County, California, USA., April 20, 2012. Daderot.
“Ecological Niche.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, May 17, 2015.
“File:PrecipitationTempBiomes.jpg.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, December 23, 2013.
“Generalist and Specialist Species.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, January 28, 2015.
“Generalist and Specialist Species.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, January 28, 2015.
“Google Image Result for Accessed September 8, 2015.
“Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, March 22, 2015.
Joshfn. English: Primary Succession Is the Process Characterized by Soil and Organisms Becoming Established in an Area Lacking Topsoil and Vegetation., May 19, 2014. Own work.
KennyOMG. English: View of the Pahalgam Valley, June 4, 2011. Own work.
Lab, This image has been created during “DensityDesign Integrated Course Final Synthesis Studio” at Polytechnic University of Milan, organized by DensityDesign Research Lab Image is released under CC-BY-SA licence Attribution goes to Roberta Rosina, DensityDesign Research. English: “A Food Web Consists of All the Food Chains in a Single Ecosystem” [Cit. National Geographic Education], December 1, 2014. Own work.
“Lake.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, September 1, 2015.
“Ocean.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, September 7, 2015.
“Old Faithful.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, August 23, 2015.
“Sea Urchin.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, August 24, 2015.
“The Blue Marble.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, August 30, 2015.
USA, Ed Bierman from Redwood City. Pam My Best Dive Buddy -- Look at the Kelp Forest, Why I Dive California, November 6, 2004. Dive buddy in deep green kelp forest.
“Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Places/Landscapes.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, July 28, 2015.

Maybe you'd like to just hear about one topic for a while. We understand. So today, let's just watch some videos about how we get energy. And how one animal gets energy from another animal, or a plant. It's all about food chains and food webs in this Crash Course Kids Compilation. Enjoy, Like, Share, and Subscribe! :)

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All living things need food to have energy which help them to grow and move.A food chain tells how each living thing gets its food and how most of living beings are dependent on each other for their energy requirement.It is also called food web or energy pyramid.A food chain always starts with a producer, which in most of the cases is a plant and it ends with a predator,it is at the top of the food chain. Consumers, scavengers,herbivores and decomposer form important constituents of a food chain.

In which Mr. Kam tries to introduce ecology to his students. Here is a link to some of the tools scientists use in ecology:

Mr. Judd covers ecology, abiotic factors, biotic factors, niche, habitat, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere, decomposers, autotrophs, heterotrophs, symbiosis, mutualism, parasitism, commensalism, and competition.

(Recorded in 1989) A wacky and entertaining video featuring Bill Nye The Science Guy talking about the importance of wetlands. Produced by the Washington State Department of Ecology with funds from the National Oceanic Administration (NOAA) under the Coastal Zone Management Act. Go to for more information on wetlands.

Recorded in 1989 at the Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge
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Host: Bill Nye The Science Guy.
Special thanks to the Nisqually Wildlife Refuge.
Funding for the video was provided by NOAA with additional funds provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency.

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Segment from the program How Ecosystems Work: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles.

DVD Description
Looks at the processes that are fundamental to all ecosystems. First the concepts of primary productivity, trophic levels, food chains, energy pyramids and the flow of energy through ecosystems are introduced. The program then explains how carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and water cycle through ecosystems and how human activities can disrupt these cycles and throw them out of balance leading to accelerated eutrophication in lakes in the case of phosphorous imbalances and global warming in the case of carbon imbalances.

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Our planet’s diverse, thriving ecosystems may seem like permanent fixtures, but they’re actually vulnerable to collapse. Jungles can become deserts, and reefs can become lifeless rocks. What makes one ecosystem strong and another weak in the face of change? Kim Preshoff details why the answer, to a large extent, is biodiversity.

Lesson by Kim Preshoff, animation by TED-Ed.

What is an ecosystem? An ecosystem is everything that interacts in a specific area. That includes plants, animals, sun, air, water, and even rocks! In a healthy ecosystem, every part gets what they need - food, water, shelter, light - and all of the parts work together. Unfortunately, an ecosystem can become unbalanced through natural or manmade disturbances. The good news? Ecosystems can recover if we just help them out a little!

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In this video you'll learn all about ecosystems and how energy is transferred between organisms living together it the same environment.

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From snow capped mountains to scorching deserts and sultry tropical forests, life exists in all environments -- from the harshest to the mildest. How do animals and plants adapt themselves to survive in their environments? What kind of interactions takes place between different types of species living in the same location? Find out more ...

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This HD dramatic video choreographed to powerful music introduces the viewer/student to the Biomes of Earth. It is designed as a motivational trailer to be shown by teachers in elementary school and Biology and Ecology classrooms in middle school, high school and college as a visual Introduction to the many types of places that life calls home.

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DVD Title
Community Interactions: Competition, Predation, and Symbiosis.

DVD Description
Our Competition, Predation and Symbiosis DVD first describes the concepts of community, coevolution and ecological niche before looking at how competition results from overlapping niches. The program then examines predator-prey relationships and the various adaptations such as camouflage, warning coloration, mimicry and chemical warfare that have evolved as a result of these relationships. Symbiotic relationships such as parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism are then explored. A discussion of primary and secondary succession concludes the program.

Welcome to another episode of Natural World Facts!
This fact file is all about What Is an Ecosystem.

Okay, so first of all. Just what is an Ecosystem? An ecosystem is a complete community of living organisms and the nonliving materials of their surroundings. This includes plants, animals, microorganisms and their environment, such as soil, rocks, and minerals. An Ecosystem also consists of the local atmosphere. Animals and plants within an ecosystem depend on each other for their survival. If conditions change, they need to adapt quickly to survive.
Ecosystems can be a variety of different sizes, ranging from an entire rain forest to a small puddle or your garden. Even an animal could be considered an ecosystem, containing many microorganisms. But some of the much larger examples, such as deserts, tundra, coral reefs or forests are called biomes. In each of these, the animals and plant life all depend on each other in different ways.

Herbivores rely on the plants (also called producers) as a food source, and carnivorous animals will prey on those herbivores. This is called a food chain, and when all the food chains in an ecosystem are joined up together they form a food web.

But what would happen if one species in the food web started to decline?

For example, slugs, rabbits and insects all eat grass. If there were fewer slugs there would be more grass for the rabbits and insects. With more food the populations of rabbits and insects would increase. However, the thrushes (which prey on the insects and slugs) would have to eat more insects to compensate for the fewer slugs, so the population of insects could decrease.

Every ecosystem consists of some form of food web. So, in a way, ecosystems are basically made up of systems of life.

Okay… so what are the components of an ecosystem? There are two different types of components, the Abiotic factors and the Biotic factors. The Abiotic factors are the nonliving components which make up the environment of the ecosystem, such as the amount of sunlight, the temperature, the amount of rainfall or how much moisture there is in the air. The Biotic factors of an ecosystem, on the other hand, are the living features, such as the producers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and detrivores.

These living features are also the main components of a food chain, the producers being the plants at the bottom, being eaten by the herbivores which are then eaten by the carnivores.

Ecosystems also go through a number of processes, they have energy flows and cycle materials. The energy is first consumed by the plants through photosynthesis, and is converted to heat energy. The animals in an ecosystem also obtain elements such as carbon, nitrogen, or phosphorus from their environment. All these materials are then excreted or broken down by decomposers from an animals corpse.

Decomposers and scavengers break down dead plants and animals and their excrement. Decomposers are very important for all ecosystems. If they didn’t exist, the plants wouldn’t get their essential nutrients, and all the dead matter and waste would pile up and the energy and materials wouldn’t be cycled through the ecosystem.

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Paul Andersen describes the process of ecological succession. During this process life reestablished itself after a disturbance. During primary success all of the material is removed including the soil. For example during a volcanic eruption all traces of life are removed. However during secondary success the soil remains intact. An example of secondary success is wildfires.

Learn about the key pieces of evidence for evolution: fossils, anatomical evidence, embryology and biochemical evidence

Learn about the simple calculation of allele frequencies in a gene pool, hardy-weinberg assumptions and the difference between acclimation and adaptation in this video!

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This video describes some basic information about ecology.

Logistic Growth Video -

012 - Population Ecology

In this video Paul Andersen explains how population ecology studies the density, distribution, size, sex ration, and age structure of populations. Intrinsic growth rate and exponential growth calculations are included along with a discussion of logistic growth. K-selected and r-selected species are explained along with survivorship curves.

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Agriculture, U. S. Department of. Whooping Crane in Flight in Texas. USDA Photo by John Noll., March 18, 2011. Flickr: 20110214-USDA-JN-0001.
“Bird on Branch - Free Animals Icons.” Flaticon. Accessed September 15, 2015. flaticon.com/free-icon/bird-on-branch_61289.
“Canada Lynx.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, July 25, 2015.
Headquarters, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Adult Whooping Crane (Grus Americana) with Chick., February 23, 2012. Adult Whooping Crane and Chick.
Husthwaite, Ray. English: Survivorship Curves, 23 April 09. Own work (Original text: I created this work entirely by myself.).
Karine, Gill-Weir. “The Whooping Cranes: Survivors Against All Odds,” n.d.
Robertson, D. Gordon E. English: Snowshoe Hare (Lepus Americanus), White Morph, Shirleys Bay, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, January 21, 2013. Own work.
Sasata. English: The Whooping Crane, Grus Americana at the Calgary Zoo., September 11, 2010. Own work.
“Standing Up Man - Free People Icons.” Flaticon. Accessed September 15, 2015. flaticon.com/free-icon/standing-up-man-_10522.
“Tree Silhouette - Free Nature Icons.” Flaticon. Accessed September 15, 2015. flaticon.com/free-icon/tree-silhouette_46564.
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In this animation video,toddlers can learn pond ecosystem as per their lesson plan in the school.Full introduction about biotic and abiotic factors as well as consumers,producers and decomposers has been explained in a very interesting way.

Ecosystem impacts.

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Video 1
Levels of organization in ecology and ecological methods

Introduction to Ecology, class notes

Habitat and niche. What are they? Would you believe it is as simple as a business card?

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In ecology, a niche (CanE, UK /ˈniːʃ/ or US /ˈnɪtʃ/)[1] is a term describing the way of life of a species. Each species is thought to have a separate, unique niche. The ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (e.g., by growing when resources are abundant, and when predators, parasites and pathogens are scarce) and how it in turn alters those same factors (e.g., limiting access to resources by other organisms, acting as a food source for predators and a consumer of prey).[2]

The majority of species exist in a standard ecological niche. A premier example of a non-standard niche filling species is the flightless, ground-dwelling kiwi bird of New Zealand, which exists on worms, and other ground creatures, and lives its life in a mammal niche. Island biogeography can help explain island species and associated unfilled niches.
The ecological meaning of niche comes from the meaning of niche as a recess in a wall for a statue,[3] which itself is probably derived from the Middle French word nicher, meaning to nest.[1][3] The term was coined by the naturalist Joseph Grinnell in 1917, in his paper The niche relationships of the California Thrasher.[4] The Grinnellian niche concept embodies the idea that the niche of a species is determined by the habitat in which it lives. In other words, the niche is the sum of the habitat requirements that allow a species to persist and produce offspring. For example, the behavior of the California Thrasher is consistent with the chaparral habitat it lives in—it breeds and feeds in the underbrush and escapes from its predators by shuffling from underbrush to underbrush.

This perspective of niche allows for the existence of ecological equivalents and also empty niches. For example, the Anolis lizards of the Greater Antilles are a rare example of convergent evolution, adaptive radiation, and the existence of ecological equivalents: the Anolis lizards evolved in similar microhabitats independently of each other and resulted in the same ecomorphs across all four islands. Source of the article published in description is Wikipedia. I am sharing their material. Copyright by original content developers.
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Discover why wolves in Washington State are an essential part of the ecosystem. Learn more on our website:

Hank brings us to the next level of ecological study with ecosystem ecology, which looks at how energy, nutrients, and materials are getting shuffled around within an ecosystem (a collection of living and nonliving things interacting in a specific place), and which basically comes down to who is eating who.

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Table of Contents
1) Defining Ecosystems 0:49:1
2) Trophic Structure 4:44:1
a) Primary Producers 5:27
b) Primary Consumers 5:41
c) Secondary Consumers 5:49:1
d) Tertiary Consumers 5:58:2
e) Detrivores 6:08:1
3) Bioaccumulation 8:47


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Satish Kumar explains the meaning of Deep Ecology

Mr. Lamb explains the difference between habitat and an ecological niche of an organism.

Learn a bit about different types of interactions in Ecology. I'm just gettting started with these. Hope you like it.

This video introduces us to the concept of ecosystem and its components.
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Here is a song I created to help my 6th grade students study. I hope you enjoy.

All the life we have seen
Interactions we study
The air, sand, water in a stream
Abiotic that we see
Now trees, animals, you know
They’re all biotic if it grows

Organisms we’ve been told
All same species, young and old
Population-same kind in place
Community-(pop’s) populations in same space
Ecosystems so you know
Nonliving and all that grows

Animals fighting for it all their life
They are struggling so they don’t die
That’s how an organism stays alive
Producers and consumers
Webs and chains, decomposers

Competition for space and food they fight
Predation it is to take a life
And then there’s symbiosis all three kinds
Mutualism, parasitism
Third in chain, commensalism

Adaptations they will thrive
All that helps them to survive
Behavioral to hunt at night
Physical-fur, teeth, large eyes
Organisms have a role
A niche that they do call their own

Animals fighting for it all their life
They are struggling so they don’t die
That’s how an organism stays alive
Producers and consumers
Webs and chains, decomposers

Competition for space and food they fight
Predation it is to take a life
And then there’s symbiosis all three kinds
Mutualism, parasitism
Third in chain, commensalism

Producers and consumers
Webs and chains, decomposers

Mutualism, parasitism
Third in chain, commensalism

Symbiosis interactions at least one bestowed
Mutualism both are happy something gained by both
Parasitism benefits parasite not host
Commensalism, one helped, other neutral

It’s like a lion or shark hunting for a soul
Predation, prey and predator-populations controlled
Competition is the struggle to survive I’m told
Like food, water, shelter, watch them battle

Animals fighting for it all their life
They are struggling so they don’t die
That’s how an organism stays alive
Producers and consumers
Webs and chains, decomposers

Competition for space and food they fight
Predation it is to take a life
And then there’s symbiosis all three kinds
Mutualism, parasitism
Third in chain, commensalism

Producers and consumers
Webs and chains, decomposers

Mutualism, parasitism
Third in chain, commensalism

Animals fighting for it all their life
They are struggling so they don’t die
That’s how an organism stays alive

Ms. Malvika Choudhary in this video explains the meaning of ecosystem, the types of ecosystem (aquatic or terrestrial) and components of ecosystem (biotic or abiotic).
She further explains the four functions of ecosystem as
1. Productivity Functions and Levels
2. Decomposition - Food Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramids
3. Energy Flow
4. Nutrient Cycling
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LEARN THESE DEFINITIONS BY HEART

Species - a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Habitat the environment in which a species normally lives or the location of a living organism
Population - a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time
Community - a group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area
Ecosystem - a community and its abiotic environment
Ecology - the study of relationships between living organisms and between organisms and their environment

A film about population dynamics

With a solid understanding of biology on the small scale under our belts, it's time for the long view - for the next twelve weeks, we'll be learning how the living things that we've studied interact with and influence each other and their environments. Life is powerful, and in order to understand how living systems work, you first have to understand how they originated, developed and diversified over the past 4.5 billion years of Earth's history. Hang on to your hats as Hank tells us the epic drama that is the history of life on Earth.

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Table of Contents
1) Archaean & Proterozoic Eons 01:53
a) Protobionts 03:54
b) Prokaryotes 04:18
c) Eukaryotes 06:06

2) Phanerozoic Eon 06:42
a) Cambrian Explosion 06:49
b) Ordovician Period 07:36
c) Devonian Period 07:48
d) Carboniferous Period 08:13
e) Permian Period 09:10

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Paul Andersen explains the niche. He gives three different pronunciations and two different definitions. He then discusses the competitive exclusion principle and the idea that a niche cannot be shared by two species.

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Hank gives the run down on the top five ways humans are negatively impacting the environment and having detrimental effects on the valuable ecosystem services which a healthy biosphere provides.

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Table of Contents
Ecosystem Services 00:51
The Importance of Biodiversity 04:07
Deforestation 06:42
Desertification 06:49
Global Warming 07:59
Invasive Species 08:51
Overharvesting 09:20

Crash Course/SciShow videos referenced in this episode:
Hydrologic and Carbon Cycles:
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles:
Ecological Succession:
Climate Change:
Invasive Species:
Food Shortage:

References and image licenses for this episode can be found in the Google document here: Support CrashCourse on Subbable:

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